Hastily written in pencil and serialized in Blackwood's Magazine in 1899 as "The Heart of Darkness", and later published in book forming 1902, as Heart of Darkness, the sibylline charm of the novel has established it as one of the most important canonical texts of British Literature. Critics have seen the book as an 'angry document on absurd and brutal exploitation' (Guerard), 'probably the greatest short novel in English' (Karl), 'and annunciation of the savage God' (Cox), an adventure story, an early specimen of New Historicism. The novel 'turns on a double paradox' (Hillis Miller), and 'addresses itself simultaneously to Europe's exploitation of Africa, the primeval human situation, an archaic aspect of the mind's structure and a condition of moral baseness' (Parry). But at the same time the novel has elicited an angry reaction from Chinua Achebe who calls Conrad, 'a bloody racist.'
