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CONTENTS:-
I: INTRODUCTION: 1. Limits of Buddhism; 2. Decay of Buddhism; 3. Buddhist Remains; 4. Ditto; 5. Cave Temples; 6. Vihars; 7. Inscriptions on Rocks and Pillars; 8. Topes; 9. Bhilsa Topes; 10. Ditto; 11. Description of Topes; 12. Origin of Topes; 13. Existing before Sakya's Advent; 14. Ditto; 15. Various Buddhist Topes; 16. Ditto; 17. Dedicatory Topes; 18. Memorial Topes; 19. Funeral Topes; 20. Ditto; 21. Ditto; 22. Intimately Connected with Buddhist Religion.
II : LIFE OF SAKYA : 1. Early Indian worship-Elements; 2. Conflicting opinions at Sakya's Advent; 3. Doctrine of Transmigration; 4. The Swastikas; 5. Their Doctrine of Eternal Annihilation; 6. Swastikas, Brahmans, and Buddhists, Compared; 7. Ditto Ditto; 8. Birth and Early Life of Sakya; 9. The Four Predictive Signs; 10. Ditto; 11. Ditto; 12. Ditto; 13. Probability of the Story of his Conversion; 14. Embraces a Religious Life; 15. His Asceticism; 16. Ditto; 17. Braves the Terrors of Maro or Death; 18. His Teaching; 19. Ditto; 20. Sakya's Death; 21. Grief of his Followers; 22. Burning of his Corpse; 23. Division of his Relics; 24. They are collected by Ajatasatra; 25. And again Distributed by Asoka.
III: FAITH OF SAKYA : 1. Early observations of Mankind; 2. Discrimination of the Elements; 3. Early worship of Greece and India; 4. Philosophical Systems of Ditto; 5. The Pythagoreans; 6. Sakya's Faith; Buddha, Dharma, Sangha; 7. The Samadhikas (Contemplatists) and the Pradhanikas (Materialists); 8. Buddhists Deny the Creator's Providence; 9. Doctrine of Nirvritti and Pravritti, or Rest and Action; 10. The Five Dhyani Buddhas, or Personifications of the Elements; 11. Similarity of the Early Brahmanical and Bauddha Schools; 12. The Sankhy a Doctrine of the Eternity of Matter; 13. Buddhist belief of Creation of Matter; 14. Doctrine of the Sankhya teacher, Kapila; 15. Doctrine of the Sankhya teacher, Patanjali; 16. The Brahmanical Nireswara Similar to the Bauddha Swubhavika Doctrine of Supreme Nature; 17. Mystic Roots of the Elements; 18. The Brahmanical Seswaras and the Aiswarika Buddhists; 19. All the Schools agree that there is a Compound of Mind and Matter; 20. The three Classes of Sakya's Doctrine :-1. Vinaya; 2. Sutra; 3. Abhidharma; 21. Called Tripitaka and Triyanika; 22. Their Compilation in u. c. 543; 23. Kachhayana's Pali Grammar; 24. Ditto; 25. Language of the Buddhist Books; 26. Ditto; 27. Ditto; 28. Identification of Kachhayana and Katyayana; 29. Ditto; 30. Ditto; 31. Sakya a Social Reformer; 32. Ditto; 33. Buddhism and Mahomedanism.
IV: FIRST SYNOD : 1. The Bauddha Community; 2. First Synod of Five Hundred Monks; 3. First Synod of Five Hundred Monks; 4. Ditto; 5. Rehearsal of Vinaya; 6. Rehearsal of Dharma; 7. Buddha's Hymn of Joy; 8. His Last Injunctions; 9. Conclusion of the Synod; 10. Admission of Women; 11. Dress of the Ascetics; 12. Ditto; 13. Sarmanes, or Sramanas; 14. Hylohii, or Arhats; 15. Latriki, or Pratyekas; 16. The Four Classes of Kleitarchos; 17. Types of the Buddhist Classes; 18. Difference between Buddhist and Christian Ideas of Immortality; 19. The Grand Lama of Tibet a Bodhisatwa, and Not a Buddha; 20. Rules for the Bhikshu; 21. His Dress and Equipments.
V: CHRONOLOGY : 1. Succession of Teachers; 2. Ditto; 3. Chronological List of Teachers; 4. Date of Sakya's Death-543 u. c; 5. Chandra Gupta's Accession; 6. Possible Origin of the Error in Buddhist Chronology.
VI : SECOND SYNOD : 1. Ten Indulgences Claimed by the Vaisali Fraternity; 2. Assembly of Second Synod; 3. Discussion on the Indulgences; 4. Sentence of Degradation Confirmed; 5. Similarity of Proceedings to those of English Trial by Jury.
VII : BUDDHIST SCHISMS : 1. The Degraded Monks originate the Maha Sanghika Heresy; 2. Various Sects; 3. Ditto; 4. The Vaibhashikas; 5. The Sautrantikas; 6. Names of Eighteen Schisms; 7. Extent of Buddhism in 443 u. c.
VIII : PROGRESS OF BUDDHISM : 1. The Maurya Dynasty : Accession of Chandra Gupta; 2. He Expels the Greeks from the Panjab; 3. He Conquers India; 4. Palibothra, or Pataliputra; 5. Indian Expedition of Seleukos Nikator; 6. Ditto Ditto; 7. Accession of Bindusara; 8. Embassy of Dionysios; 9. Asoka Deputed to Taxila; 10. Appointed Governor of Ujain; 11. Death of Bindusara.
IX: REIGN OF ASOKA : 1. Accession and Conquests of Asoka; 2. His Conversion to Buddhism; 3. He Erects Numerous Vihars and Chaityas; 4. Promulgates Numerous Edicts; 5. Title of Priyadarsi Doubted by Prof. H.H. Wilson; 6. True Meaning of Dharma; 7. Ditto; 8. Ditto; 9. Ditto; 10. Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha, Mentioned in the Bhabra Inscription; 11. Antiquity of the Pali Scriptures vindicated; 12. Ditto Ditto; 13. Ditto Ditto; 14. Name of Asoka Not Mentioned in his own Inscriptions; 15. Identity of Priyadarsi and Asoka; 16. Chronological Difficulties Removed; 17. Doubtful Name in Edicts, Perhaps Ariobarzanes; 18. Asoka's knowledge of the Greeks; 19. No Mention of the Kings of Kabul and Parthia in his Edicts; 20. Dates of the Rock Edicts; 21. Date of the Pillar Edicts; 22. Sincerity of Asoka's Faith.
X: THIRD SYNOD : 1. Heretics Assume the Dress of the Buddhists and enter their Monasteries; 2. Expulsion of the Heretics; 3. Rehearsal of Vinaya and Dharma; 4. Missions to Foreign Countries; 5. Relics of the Missionaries Found in the Bhilsa Topes; 6. Relics of Kasapa; 7. Ditto, and of Majhima; 8. Relics of Gotiputra; 9. Explanation of the Term Dayada; 10. Gotiputra, the Missionary to Dardabhisara; 11. Other Relics; 12. The Zeal of Asoka Anticipated Christianity in Religious Missions; 13. Kunala, Son of Asoka - Asoka's Death.
XI : RISE AND FALL OF THE INDO-SCYTHIANS : 1. Division of Asoka's Empire-Fall of the Mauryas; 2. Conquests of Menander in India; 3. The Scythian Mauas Expels the Greeks; 4. He is succeeded by Azas; 5. Rise of the Yuchi or Tochari under Kadphiscs; 6. Kanishka, A Zealous Buddhist; 7. Milindu, Raja of Sakala; 8. Nagdrjuna : Buddhism Extended into Tibet; 9. Mention of Buddhists by Apollonius of Tyana; 10. By Klemens of Alexandria; 11. By Porphyrius; 12. By Palladius and Scholastikos; 13. In the Hindu Dramas.
XII : THE OUPTA DYNASTY. - DECLINE AND FALL OF BUDDHISM : 1. Rise of the Gupta Dynasty-Gupta Era; 2. Gupta Era Dates from Establishment of Dynasty; 3. Gupta Kings Mentioned by the Chinese; 4. Chronological Table of the Guptas; 5. Data for Chronology; 6 & 7. Mr. Thomas's Chronology; 8. He Dates the Rise of the Guptas from 78 A.D; ; 9. Reasons for Adopting a Later Date : i. Silver Currency of Gujrat Copied from the Drachmas of Apollodotus; ; 10. Inscription of Chandra Gupta at Udayagiri; 11. Sanakanika, Name of the Kingdom of Bhilsa; 12. Vaishnava Faith of the Princes of Sanakanika; 13. Inscription of Chandra Gupta at Sanchi; 14. Illustrations of the Meaning of Prajna; 15. Prajna is Nature Deified; 16. Chandra Gupta's Gift to Sanchi Tope; 17. Chandra Gupta, Lord of Ujain; 18. Ditto not an orthodox Buddhist; 19. Buddhism Prevalent in Pataliputra; 20. Ditto Paramount in the Panjab and Northern India; 21. Keligious belief of the Earlier Guptas; 22. Tantrika belief of Skanda Gupta; 23. Extravagance of the Tantrists; 24. Their Charms and Incantations; 25. Spread of Tantrika Doctrines; 26. Lokaditya; 27. Buddha Gupta; 28. Toramana-inscriptions at Eran and Gwalior; 29. Conquests of Siladitya; 30. Decline of Buddhism; 31. Fall of Buddhism; 32. Causes of the Decline and fall of Buddhism.
XIII : BUILDING AND DEDICATION OF TOPES : 1. Account of the Building of a Tope from the Mahawanso; 2. Memorial Pillar Recording the Builder's Intentions; 3. Topes Usually Built by Forced Labour; 4. Foundations; 5. Laying the Foundation Stone; 6. Ceremonies Attending It; 7. Form of the Chaitya; 8. Construction of the Relic-Chamber; 9. Procession of the Relic-Casket; 10. Ceremonies on Closing the Relic-casket; 11. Ceremonies on placing it in the Relic-chamber; 12. Completion of the Tope; 13. Cornices or Copings Added to it; 14. Other Additions by Subsequent Kings; 15. The Same Description Applies to the Great Sanchi Tope; 16. Different Positions of the Relic-chamber; 17. Consecration of the Ground; 18,19. Various Shapes of Topes; 20. Their age Ascertained Approximately from Shape.
XIV : SANCHI TOPE.- No. 1 : 1. Position of Sanchi Hill; 2. Description of Ditto; 3. Group of Topes at Sanchi; 4. Sanchi, the Same as Sha-chi of Fa Hian; 5. Name of Sanchi; 6. Story of the Holy Nettle at Sha-chi; 7. Village of Sanchi; 8. Situation of the Great Tope No. 1; 9. Other Ruined Topes; 10. Shape of the Dome; 11. Upper Enclosure; 12. Pinnacle, Chatta; 13. Height of the Tope; 14. Colonnade or Buddhist Railing; 15. Pillars of Colonnade; 16. Rails of Ditto; 17. Architraves; 18. Prevalence of Buddhist Railings; 19. Four Gateways; 20. Pillars of Gateways-different Capitals; 21. Architraves of Gateways; 22. Symbols of Buddha and Dharma; 23. Variety of Bas-reliefs; 24. Figures of the Four Buddhas; 25. Hariswamini Inscription; 26. Lion Pillar, with Inscription; 27. Capital of Pillar; 28. Height of Ditto; 29. Style of Sculpture in the Lions; 30. Statue Pillar; 31. Capital of Pillar; 32. Description of Statue; 33. Height of Pillar; 34. Shafts of Pillars Cut into Pieces for Sugar-mills; 35. Eastern Pillar; 36. Broken Pillar of Hariswamini Gosha; 37. Flight of Steps, and Statues at Entrance.
XV : DESCBIPTION OF THE SINCHI BAS-RELIEFS : A. EASTERN GATEWAT : Right Pillar-Front Face : 1. Palace Scene-Audience Hall; 2. Palace Scene-Women Dancing before the King; ; Right Pillar-Inner Face : 1. Adoration of Tree; 2. Dream of Maya; ; Left Pillar-Front Face : 1. Adoration of Symbol of Dharma; 2. Boat Scene-Sakya's Nirvana; 3. Prince in Chariot Leaving Kapila; ; Left Pillar-Inner Face : 1. Kitchen Scene; 2. Worship of Buddha-as Flame; 3. Tope dedicated to the Supreme Buddha; ; Architraves-Front : 1. Worship of Topes; 2. Procession of Buddha's Feet; 3. Worship of Tree; ; Architrave-Rear : 1. Worship of Trees; 2. Worship of Trees by Animals; 3. Worship of Tope by Elephants; ; B. SOUTH GATEWAY : Eight Pillar-Front Face : 1. Triple Symbol of Dharma; 2. Scene in Palace; 3. Casket Scene in Palace; ; Architraves-Front : 1. Worship of Topes; 2. Worship of Tope; 3. A Siege, and Relic-Procession; ; C. WEST GATEWAY : Right Pillar-Front Face : 1. Trial of the Bow; 2. Worship of Tree; 3. Ditto; 4. Lions; ; Right Pillar-Inner Face : 1. Gateway-Worship of Tree; 2. Worship of Tree Surmounted by Chatta; ; Left Pillar-Front Face : 1. Social Scene; 2. Love Scene; ; Left Pillar-Inner Face : 1. Ascetic Life-Archers; 2. Festival of the Tree; 3. State Barge; ; Architraves-Front Faces : 1. Procession Escorting A Relic-Casket; 2. Worship of Symbol of Buddha; 3. Worship of Tree by Elephants; ; Architraves-Rear Faces : 1. Worship of Topes; 2. Triumphal Procession; 3. Temple Worship; ; D. NORTH GATEWAY : Right Pillar-Front Face : 1. Tree, with Staircase; ; Right Pillar-Inner Face : 1. Worship of Tree; 2. Ditto; 3. Ditto; ; Left Pillar-Front Face : 1. Worship of Tree; 2. Reverence paid to a Boy; 3. Simple Adoration; 4. Procession; 5. Domestic Scenes at Fountain; ; Left Pillar-Inner Face : 1. Cave Temple; 2. Procession; 3. Worship of Tree.
XVI : INSCRIPTIONS.-NO. 1 TOPE.-SINCHI : 1. Nos. 1 to 176. On colonnade-old; 2. No. 177. On southern-pillar; 3. Nos. 178 to 196. Later Inscriptions from Gateways.
XVII : OPENING OF SINCHI TOPE-NO. 1 : 1. Manner of opening the Tope-Brick Tope; 2. No Discovery Made; 3. Probable Age of the Tope-500 B.C; 4,5. Probable Date of the Colonnade-250 B.C; 6. Date of the Gateways-19 to 37 A.D; 7. Gateway Inscriptions in a more Recent Character; 8. Old Inscription Hidden by Pillar of Gateway; 9. Tope Probably Dedicated to the Supreme Buddha.
XVIII : NO. 2 TOPE.-SANCHI : 1. Position of Tope; 2. Dimensions of Dome; 3. Pinnacle; 4. Colonnade, or Buddhist Railing; 5. Ornaments of Pillars; 6. Bas-reliefs of Entrance Pillars; 7. Bas-reliefs of Tope and wheel pillar; 8. Wheel Pillar; 9. Sangha, or the united Symbols of Buddha and Dharma; 10. Probable Age, about 220 B.C.
XIX : INSCRIPTIONS FROM NO. 2 TOPE.-SANCHI : 1. Nos. 1 to 43. On Colonnade.
XX : OPENING OF NO. 2 TOPE.-BANGUI : 1. Present Appearance of the Tope; 2. Position of the Relic-chamber; 3. Relic-box with Inscription; 4. Remarks on Inscription; 5. Inscriptions on the Steatite Boxes; 6. Remarks on the Enshrined Relics; 7. Relics of ten Buddhist teachers in 240 B C; 8. Tope originally intended for Relics of two only; 9. Intimate Connection between the Principal Buddhist Leaders; 10. Value of Genealogies Derivable from other Topes.
XXI : NO. 3 TOPE.-SINCHI : 1. Present Appearance, and Former Size; 2. Buddhist Railing; 3. Pillars of Ditto; 4. Square Enclosure; 5. Relic-chamber with two Relic-boxes; 6. Relic-box of Sariputra; 7. Seven Precious things in Relic-casket; 8, 9. Series of Seven Precious things According to the Chinese; 10. The Seven Precious things in this Tope; 11. Relic-casket of Maha Mogalana; 12. Initial Letters of Names written in Ink; 13. Relative Position of Relics to Right and Left; 14. 15. Sariputra's Career; 16, 17. Sakya's Account of Sariputra; 18. His Death and Cremation; 19. Origin of Mogalana; 20. Relics of both Found at Satdhara; 21. Date of Tope Uncertain-between 550 and 250 S.C; 22. Date of Tope, Perhaps 500 N.C.-of Railing, 250 u.c; 23. Other Topes at Sanchi.
XXII : SONARI TOPES.--NO. 1 TOPE : 1. Position of Sonari-meaning of Name; 2. Wheel Pillar at Sravasti; 3. Situation of Topes; 4. No. 1 Tope-Sonari; 5. Dimensions of Tope; 6. Surrounded by a Buddhist Railing; 7. Probable Date, 250-200 N.C; 8. Opening of Tope-stone Boxes.
XXIII : NO. 2 TOPE.- SONIRI : 1. Position of No. 2 Tope; 2. Dimensions of Tope; 3. Opening of Tope; 4. Large Steatite Relic-vase; 5. Flat Crystal Relic-casket of Gotiputra; 6. Steatite Relic-casket of Majhima; 7. Ditto Kasapa Gota; 8. Ditto Kosiki-putra; 9. Ditto Alabagira; 10. Date of Tope about 220 B.c; 11. Other Topes at Sonari.
XXIV : TOPES AT SATDHARA : 1. Position of Satdhara; 2. Tope, No. 1, of Brick; 3. Buddhist Railing; 4. Opening of Tope; 5. Massive Foundations of Temples; 6. No. 2 Tope; 7. Steatite Relic-caskets of Sariputra and Mogalana; 8. No. 7 Tope, Satdhara; 9. Relics of No. 7 Tope; 10. Other Topes at Satdhara.
XXV : TOPES AT BHOJPUR : 1. Ruins of Bhojpur; 2. Position of Ditto; 3. Situation of Topes; 4. No. 1 Tope, A; 5. No. 2 Tope, B; 6. Opening of Ditto; 7. Kelic-casket, a Crystal Tope; 8. No. 3 Tope, C; 9. No. 4 Tope, D; 10. Remains of other Topes, Upper Stage; 11. No. 7 Tope, a; second Stage; 12. Opening of Ditto; 13. Relic-jar of Patito, the "Degraded"; 14. Relic-jar of Upahitaka; 15. Probable Date, 250-200 B.C; 16. No. 8, Tope, b; 17. No. 9 c; 18. No. 10 d; 19. No. 11 e; 20. Other Topes on the Second Stage; 21. Third Stage of Topes; 22. Fourth Stage of Topes; 23. Bhojpur Topes, Mostly opened before.
XXVI : ANDHER TOPES : 1. Position of the Topes; 2. No. 1 Tope; 3. Buddhist Railing; 4. Opening of No. 1; 5. No. 2 Tope; 6. Opening of Ditto; 7. Flat Earthenware Relic-box; 8. Tall Steatite Relic-casket; 9. Large Steatite Relic-vase; 10. Probable Date, 200 B.c; 11. No. 3 Tope; 12. Opening of Ditto-Relics of Haritiputra; 13. Kelics Presented/Aswa Deva-Ink Writing.
XXVII : SYMBOLS OP BUDDHA, HAHMA, AND SANGHA : 1. Symbols on Sanchi Gateways and Caves; 2. Triad of Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha; 3. The wheel, a Symbol of Universal Dominion; 4. Crowns the Summits of the Sanchi Gateways; 5. Various Forms of Wheel; 6. Quadruple Symbol of Buddha; 7. Symbol of Dharma; 8. Symbol of Sangha; 9. Different Spellings of Sangha; 10. Triple Symbol of Dharma; 11. 12. Symbol of Dharma the same as Jagannath; 13. Probable Buddhist origin of Vithoba; 14. Fair at Besnagar; 15. Origin of the Fair; 16. Another Account; 17. Kukmangada, the same as Lohangada; 18. Besnagar Probably Included in Vidarbha; 19. Foundation of Besnagar; 20. Foundation of Bhilsa; 21. Position of the various Groups of Topes; 22. Appearance of the Tope Hills in Ancient Times. |
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ABOUT THE BOOK:
There are several Buddhist remains and monuments within about 20 km radius of Vidisha in Madhya Pradesh. Of these, Sanchi is the most famous and best known primarily because of the magnificence of the monuments, not withstanding the fact that there are several other Buddhist monuments in the area which are no less important. Perhaps it could be due to their rather dilapidated condition and location in remote, out-of-the way spots. These monuments are located at Sonari, Satdhara, Murelkhurd and Bawalia-Hakeemkhedi, all in Raisen District of Madhya Pradesh. Alexander Cunningham has described these monuments in the present volume. This work is the first serious attempt to trace Buddhist history through its architectural remains. It also provides a historical account of the rise, progress and decline of Buddhism; The life and faith of Sakya; The synods; Buddhist schisms; The reign of Asoka; The symbols of Buddha, Dharma and Sangha and many other important facets of Buddhism.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR:
Major General Sir Alexander Cunningham KCIE CSI (1814-1893) was a British Army engineer with the Bengal Engineer Group who later took an interest in the history and archaeology of India. In 1861, he was appointed to the newly created position of archaeological surveyor to the government of India; and he founded and organised what later became the Archaeological Survey of India.He wrote numerous books and monographs and made extensive collections of artefacts. Some of his collections were lost, but most of the gold and silver coins and a fine group of Buddhist sculptures and jewellery were bought by the British Museum in 1894. |
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